hybrid, n. and adj.
Pronunciation: Brit. /ˈhʌɪbrɪd/, U.S. /ˈhaɪˌbrɪd/
Forms:Also 16 hibride, hybride.
Etymology: < Latin hybrida, more correctly hibrida (ibrida), offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of human parents of different races, half-breed. Compare French hybride (1798 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter).
A few examples of this word occur early in 17th cent.; but it was scarcely in use till the 19th. The only member of the group given by Johnson is hybridous adj.; Ash and Todd have also hybrid adj., to which Webster 1828 adds hybrid n. As to the ultimate etym. of Latin hybrida see Prof. Minton Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. V. No. 4.
A. n.
1. The offspring of two animals or plants of different species, or (less strictly) varieties; a half-breed, cross-breed, or mongrel.
reciprocal hybrid: see reciprocal adj. and n. Compounds.
a. of animals. (In 17th c. only as in original Latin)
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 231 There is no creature ingenders so soon with wild of the kind, as doth swine: and verily such hogs in old time they called Hybrides, as a man would say, halfe wild.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict., Hibride, a Hog ingendred betweene a wilde Boare and a tame Sow.
1828 Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang., Hybrid, a mongrel or mule; an animal or plant, produced from the mixture of two species.
1851 D. Wilson Archaeol. & Prehist. Ann. Scotl. (1863) II. iv. ii. 232 Grotesque hybrids, half-bird, half-beast.
1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 26 The hybrids or mongrels from between all the breeds of the pigeon are perfectly fertile.
1862 T. H. Huxley Lect. Working Men 112 There is a great difference between ‘Mongrels’ which are crosses between distinct races and ‘hybrids’ which are crosses between distinct species.
b. of human beings.
1631 B. Jonson New Inne ii. vi. 26 She's a wild-Irish borne! Sir, and a Hybride.
1861 J. Crawfurd in Trans. Ethnol. Soc. (N.S.) I. 357 At the best we [English] are but hybrids, yet, probably, not the worse for that.
1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 434 Negroes from the Soudan, not such sickly..hybrids as you see in Oxford Street..but real down-right Negroes halfnaked, black as ebony.
c. of plants.
[1788 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) Gloss, Hybrida, a Bastard, a monstrous Production of two Plants of different Species.]
1828 [see sense A. 1a].
1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1858) x. 167 No hybrids but such as are of a woody perennial character can be perpetuated with certainty.
1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 358 Swedes are generally sown first. Hybrids..are usually sown next, and white turnips the last.
1867 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 306 The common Oxlip found everywhere..in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip.
2. transf. and fig
a. Anything derived from heterogeneous sources, or composed of different or incongruous elements; in Philol. a compound formed of elements belonging to different languages.
1850 H. Rogers Ess. II. iv. 213 A free resort to grotesque compounds..favours the multiplication of yet more grotesque hybrids.
1860 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 338, I will tell you what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist, and theologian!
1874 L. Carr Judith Gwynne II. vii. 163 A remarkable hybrid between a frank..bumpkin, and a used up exquisite.
1879 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence 39 Sometimes we find English and Romance elements compounded. These are termed Hybrids.
1895 F. Hall Two Trifles 28 The ancient Romans would not have endured scientistes or scientista, as a new type of hybrid.
b. Geol. A hybrid rock (see sense B. 2b below).
1918 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 74 129 Compared with the Potter-Fell type..they would be hybrids, the former are transitional varieties.
1934 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 90 599 The hybrid or its parent magma rose along the bedding-planes of the sediments.
1950 E. E. Wahlstrom Introd. Theoret. Igneous Petrol. x. 234 The products of intermingling of these magmas originally were called hybrids, a term which..has come to have a broader meaning and now includes all rocks resulting from the assimilation or melting of solid igneous rocks by later intrusions from the same source.
c. Physical Chem. A hybrid orbital (see sense B. 2d below).
1932 Physical Rev. 40 62 A hybrid of 3d, 4s, and 4p electrons.
1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 144 The bond angles, at a given atom, are determined by the angles between its σ hybrids.
1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s.
B. adj.
1. Produced by the inter-breeding of two different species or varieties of animals or plants; mongrel, cross-bred, half-bred.
1775 J. Ash New & Compl. Dict. Eng. Lang., Hybrid, begotten between animals of different species, produced from plants of different kinds.
1789 E. Darwin Bot. Garden II. 149 (note), Many hybrid plants described.
1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 47 These hybrid, or mule productions.
1857 C. Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 96, I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of hybrid animals than you seem to admit.
1865 W. G. Palgrave Narr. Journey through Arabia II. 211 The town inhabitants..are at present a very hybrid race, yet fused into a general..type.
2. transf. and fig.
a. Derived from heterogeneous or incongruous sources; having a mixed character; composed of two diverse elements; mongrel.
hybrid bill, a bill in Parliament combining the characteristics of a public and private bill, which is referred to a hybrid committee, i.e. a committee nominated partly (as in a public bill) by the House of Commons and partly (as in a private bill) by the Committee of Selection.
a1716 R. South Serm. (1737) V. xii. 118 As Saint Paul..did [deal] with those judaizing hybrid Christians.
1805 Med Jrnl. 14 309 Incomplete vaccination..again followed by a sort of hybrid result or modified variolæ.
1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 103 The historians use a hybrid jargon intermixed with modern words.
1859 T. E. May Law of Parl. (ed. 4) xxiv. 613 Established by a public bill, brought in by the government, but otherwise treated as a private or ‘hybrid’ bill.
1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 120 As well executed as such a hybrid scheme can be.
1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. I. 430 English abounds with Hybrid compounds..words made up from different languages.
1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. xiii. 185 Hybrid committees are appointed partly by the House and partly by the committee of Selection.
1893 May's Law of Parl. (ed. 10) 444 Public bills which affect private rights..are termed in practice ‘hybrid bills’.
b. Geol. Of rock: formed by the mixing of two different magmas or by the incorporation into an intruding magma of adjacent solid rock (esp. rock of the same origin as the magma).
1904 A. Harker Tertiary Igneous Rocks Skye xi. 183 The processes..were of a less simple kind, mere admixture being supplemented by diffusion. The resulting hybrid rocks..are thus only in a general sense intermediate in composition between the two parent rocks, and may be abnormal in comparison with any ordinary igneous rocks formed from a single magma.
1954 H. Williams et al. Petrogr. vi. 110 Most diorites..are probably hybrid rocks, and many contain xenoliths that exhibit various stages of magmatic reaction.
c. Computing. Utilizing or involving both analogue and digital methods.
1959 E. M. Grabbe et al. Handbk. Automation, Computation, & Control II. xxix. 4 The purpose of the hybrid system..is to combine the advantages noted above for each of the two types of conventional computer, while at the same time obviating the disadvantages.
1964 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 115 573 More complex operations such as multiplication are not as critical to most hybrid operations and can be slower.
1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 193/1 The limited accuracy of analogue computers..can be overcome by using ‘hybrid’ computers in which certain elements..are digitally designed to preserve accuracy.
d. Physical Chem. Applied to a bond or valence orbital obtained by the linear combination of two or more different atomic orbitals.
1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond iii. 82 The strength of the best s—p hybrid bond orbital.
1960 J. W. Linnett Wave Mech. & Valency viii. 128 The appropriate hybrid orbitals are the most successful for indicating the spatial distribution of the electrons.
1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 42 The 2s and the three 2p orbitals of the excited atom are treated in such a way that..they combine to produce four equivalent orbitals, each termed a tetrahedral or sp3-hybrid orbital, which have their axes directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron.
Special uses
S1. As the first element in the names of varieties of rose, esp.
hybrid China n. a variety produced by crossing Rosa chinensis and R. semperflorens, characterized by a long flowering period.
1837 T. Rivers Rose Amateur's Guide i. 20 Perhaps no plant presents such a mass of beauty as a finely grown hybrid China rose in full bloom.
1951 Dict. Gardening (Royal Hort. Soc.) IV. 1824/1 Hybrid Perpetual Roses..originated in the crossing of the Damask Rose with the Hybrid China varieties.
hybrid perpetual n. a cross between Rosa damascena and a hybrid China rose.
1848 W. Paul Rose Garden ii. 121 The Bourbon Perpetual..is a division embracing the varieties of Hybrid Perpetual, in which the characters of the Bourbon Rose are strikingly developed.
1859 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening 1054 Roses... Damask perpetual. Hybrid perpetual.
1890 Daily News 28 Jan. 6/6 A choice selection of hybrid perpetuals, tea-scented, and moss kinds.
1931 M. Grieve Mod. Herbal II. 688/1 The most suitable are the so-called Hybrid Perpetuals, flowering from June to October.
hybrid polyantha n. = floribunda n.
1945 Rose Ann. 15 Fresh names have been found for the new group; in this country Hybrid Polyanthas, and in America Floribunda.
1956 B. Park Collins' Guide to Roses ix. 123 In recent years other species have been bred into this class of rose so that the term hybrid polyantha has been dropped, and floribunda has taken its place.
hybrid tea n. a cross between a hybrid perpetual and a tea-scented rose (Rosa odorata).
1890 Gardeners' Chron. 1 Feb. 132/1 Primrose Dame and Vicomtesse Folkestone are also included with hybrid Teas.
1968 A. Christie By Pricking of my Thumbs vi. 82 Got some old-fashioned roses here... Better than them new-fashioned Hybrid Teas.
1970 Times 28 Sept. 8/6 A hybrid tea or floribunda rose should have at least two shoots.
1973 Rose Ann. 37 The first of the new race to bear the characteristics of the hybrid tea was ‘Victor
Verdier’ (1859), although some may claim that ‘La France’ (1867) was the first true hybrid tea rose.
S2. Special Combs.
hybrid coil n. Electr. a type of transformer used in two-wire telephone circuits when amplification in both directions is required, having four pairs of terminals so arranged that if the impedances connected to two pairs balance, a voltage applied to a third pair divides equally between them without inducing a voltage in the fourth pair.
1925 C. A. Wright Telephone Communication x. 244 Conjugate alternating-current bridges or hybrid coils..are generally used in repeater and multiplex telephone lines.
1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxviii. 33 Instead of connecting the respective input of one amplifier and output of the other amplifier directly to a line circuit, there is introduced a balancing coil or so-called hybrid coil.
hybrid swarm n. Ecol. a variable population caused by the hybridization of neighbouring species.
1926 Nature 30 Oct. 623/2 (heading) The naming of wild hybrid swarms.
1926 Nature 30 Oct. 624 Nor do the ‘Rules’ have in view the existence of the highly polymorphic hybrid swarms—in no few cases hundreds or probably thousands of distinct individuals—that are known to exist.
1947 New Phytologist 46 229 The Oxlip is confined in Britain to a small area in East Anglia, and at the edges of this area Oxlip-Primrose hybrid populations are found; such well-defined hybrid swarms are not common amongst British plants
1963 E. Mayr Animal Species & Evol. vi. 118 The barrier between two sympatric species sometimes breaks down so completely, locally or over wide areas, that the two parental species are replaced by a hybrid swarm that serves as a continuous bridge between the two parental extremes.
1969 D. Briggs & S. M Walters Plant Variation & Evol. xi. 186 Hybrid swarms are found in which there is a remarkable range of variation
hybrid transformer n. Electr. = hybrid coil n.
1941 Stand. Handbk. Electr. Engin. (ed. 7) xxii. 2055 (caption) Principle of hybrid transformer.
1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 379/1 A separating device consisting of a pair of matched ‘hybrid’ transformers is a common method of securing two-way amplification.
hybrid vigour n. = heterosis n. 3.
[1909 E. M. East in Amer. Naturalist XLIII. 179 In every case an increase in vigor over the parents [sc. maize plants] was shown by the crosses.]
1918 E. B. Babcock & R. E. Clausen Genetics in Relation to Agric xii. 230 Not all species hybrids, however, display hybrid vigor.
1949 C. C. Lindegren Yeast Cell xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor.
1970 Watsonia 8 131 Its robust growth, vigorous vegetative spread and large fronds..suggest hybrid vigour.
Derivatives
†ˈhybridal adj. Obs.
1801 T. Jefferson Writings (1893–9) VIII. 16, I am persuaded the squash..is a hybridal plant.
††ˈhybridan adj. Obs. = B.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict., Hybridan, whose parents are of diuers and sundry Nations.
a. N. Amer. Of a vehicle: designed to be able to travel on both roads and railway tracks. Now disused.
1921 Pop. Sci. Dec. 28/1 Gasoline-driven railway-cars are not new; neither are motor-buses with railway wheels. But a hybrid vehicle combining the best features of both is as novel as it is interesting.
1935 Sci. News Let. 10 Aug. 87 (caption) Rides rails and roads. Hybrid vehicle that may solve problems now perplexing railroads.
1952 Winnipeg Free Press 20 Aug. 19/4 The engineers of one railroad are now at work on lightweight freight equipment of Train X type with retractable gear operable on the highway. Such a hybrid vehicle would have been as easy to make as [etc.].
b. orig. U.S. Of a road vehicle: using two distinct sources of power; spec. having both a conventional internal-combustion engine and a battery-powered electric motor. Cf. gas-electric adj.
1953 Automobile Facts Apr. 3/3 The hybrid ‘Wood Dual Power’ of 1917-18 topped them all. Its gasoline engine drove a 48-volt generator which supplied power to the wheels.
1967 N.Y. Times 8 Mar. 36/3 Congress was urged today to approve funds for the development of a ‘hybrid’ electric car, a vehicle that could use conventional engines and batteries for long-distance travel and switch to electrical power in the cities.
1981 Wellington(Texas)Leader 30 July 2/3 The electric vehicles will be operated under regular working conditions as part of the electric and hybrid vehicle demonstration program.
1999 N.Y. Times 6 Dec. b3/2 Hybrid diesel-electric buses would be as clean as natural gas and be more reliable.
2012 Sun (Nexis) 6 Jan. 5 A raft of bolder hybrid cars will hit the market this year but they will remain niche vehicles because of their price.
orig. U.S. A hybrid road vehicle. Cf. gas-electric n.
[1917 T. A. Ingram New Hazell Ann. & Almanack 641/2 A most interesting hybrid has been put into service at Bradford. This is a motor vehicle that can be propelled either by current from the overhead trolley system or by a battery contained in the vehicle.]
1967 Pop. Sci. July 26/1 The hybrids would use considerably less fuel than comparable gasoline-only vehicles.
1998 Sierra Mar.–Apr. 38/2 U.S. automakers showed off their gas hogs.., while the Japanese introduced cars like Toyota's battery-gas hybrid, Prius, which gets 66 miles per gallon.
2008 Daily Tel. 2 Dec. 10/1 By 2020, Britons will notice the changes in everyday life: it is estimated that 40 per cent of cars will be plug-in hybrids or electric.
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